Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College
（新罗马字体二号）
Landscape and horticulture department
Horticultural Products Storage Processing
（新罗马字体一号加粗）
paper title（论 文 题) : Processing And Cultivation Of Watermelon Without Seeds
Name（姓名) : CITRA HELDA ANGGIA
Class（班级) : 17 exchange student
Student ID（学号） : -
Teacher（任课教师） : JIANG
ABSTRACT
The cultivation of watermelon without seeds i.e. 4n penyilangan between results with 2n crossed be triploid, that produces triploid watermelon fruits without seeds, The cultivation of watermelon has a technology that must be followed from the processing of basic fertilizer, the granting of land, nursery, pemulsaan, planting, pruning, roping, gift of fertilizer following, control pests and disease as well as harvesting, prices from Watermelon without seeds more expensive 5-fold so that the benefits of processing higher and more easily from a watermelon with seeds product produced Ale, chewy gum, jelly, carbonated juice, watermelon mosse, spickle, watermelon rind, watermelon punch, kids water melon sandwich cookies, body scrub, watermelon yougurt, extract from watermelon for treatment of mouth ulcer.
Keyword, watermelon without seed, product, price
INTRODUCTION
Background
Watermelon contains plants horticulture and commodities from the family Cucurbitaceae (gourd-labuan). Watermelon is one of the popular fruit and has a fairly high economic value. Watermelon is favored by people of indonesia because it tastes sweet, crispy and its water content, can made cake and juice.
Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris plants. Scard) is a plant originating from the African continent in desert Scorpion today. Its spread to India, China and the United States conducted by the sailors of the merchant. Watermelon fruit has the attraction of the fruit is fresh and sweet. The water content reaches 92%, carbohydrates 7% and the rest is a vitamin. The dry season crops include watermelons, but lately with technology growing, watermelon can be planted anytime. In order to grow well and quickly, watermelon plants requires a dry, hot climate and enough water (Mulyanto, 2012)
According to Hai, wet climates will cause stunted growth, susceptible to the disease, as well as production and fruit quality will decrease. The development of cultivation technology of watermelon in the area Sub-more advanced than tropical regions (tropics). New types of good, the diploid hybrids (watermelon seed-bearing) and triploid (not watermelon seed-bearing), has been widely developed by the quality of the fruit and the results are much better than the tropical watermelon
There are dozens of varieties of watermelon cultivated, but only some of the interest of the petaniataukonsumen. In Indonesia the matching cultivated varieties are divided into two groups, the Local Watermelon (Watermelon black from Pasuruan, Watermelon and watermelon Sengkaling Stone Bojonegoro) and watermelon Hybrid Import (from cruciferous undue hybridisation results) that have its own advantages. The watermelons are classified according to the pure seed of his home country (Samadi, b. 1996)
Watermelon cultivation in Indonesia is still limited to meet the domestic market. Whereas open vast opportunities that the watermelon can be exported to a foreign country, because natural conditions Indonesia indeed more beneficial than the natural condition of the State's other producers in international markets. World market demand will reach 1,506,000 tons of watermelons. Until recently Indonesia got the watermelon export opportunities is quite large i.e. 1,144 tonnes per year (Rukmana, r. 1994).
Purpose
knowing the watermelon cultivation in indonesia
knowing the processing of watermelon in indonesia
A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
2.1 Watermelon Without Seeds
Watermelon without seeds or seedless watermelon is commonly called is F-1 hybrid watermelon too. But the elder or parent respectively derived from the tetraploid watermelon by female elders elder male diploid watermelon. Therefore it is also called watermelon watermelon tetraploid hybrids.
Seeding technique of seedless watermelon was discovered by Prof. Dr. Hitoshi Kihara. To obtain a tetraploid elders had to go through the multiple of the number of chromosomes in the scientific term is often referred to as mutation duplication. From the intersection of tetraploid watermelon with diploid triploid watermelon obtained this would be (seedless watermelon) who has the power of low vitality. If the air temperature is low (less than 290 C), then the power kecambahnya would be slow. Therefore, the triploid watermelon seed germination requires temperatures high enough so that the perkecambahannya can be assured.
The growth of young plants initially weak, even sometimes is not normal, but further plants will grow stronger. Power sprouts average triploid watermelon seeds is between 27.5 – 85% cotyledon shape smaller than the diploid watermelon. Triploid watermelon plant actually have males and females flowers are complete, but would the seeds and stringy her Sari was barren, then the seed will not be formed. Nevertheless, the seeds of which are white or brown sometimes still encountered. The formation of the empty Brown seeds are usually caused due to excess nutrient fertilization dose phospor (P205).
2.2.1. The classification of Watermelon
Plant a watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) is a plant that originated in Africa. This plant started about 4000 years cultivated BC so it is not surprising that the watermelon fruit consumption has spread to all parts of the world. Watermelon fruit labulabuan family (Cucurbitaceae) and has about 750 types (syukur, 2009).
This plant is a climbing annuals whose life and have a anekaragam kind of like watermelon red, yellow watermelon, watermelon seeds and watermelon non seed.
Image 2.1. watermelon without seeds
According to Rukmana (1994), the scientific classification of watermelon is as follows:
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Plant Taxonomy
Order : Plant Taxonomy
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Genus : Citrullus
Species : Citrullus vulgaris
Watermelon is a year, is spread, the stem is small and its length can reach 5 m. The stem is covered with delicate feathers long sharp and white. The stem has a forked tendrils 2 – 3 pieces, so the climb. Watermelon plants have flowers, Flowers hermaphrodite and female standing apart, yet still in a tree. The number of male flowers are usually a lot more than other flowers. The fruit is round to oval (oval). The skin of the fruit is green or yellow, white or green blurik. The flesh of the fruit is tender, juicy and sweet. The colors red or yellow fruit flesh (Syukur, 2009).
2.2.2. Stadia or phase of plant growth
According to Endang Dwi Purbajanti (2013), the growth is the increase in plant material, a process that changes the total raw materials chemically and add them in the plants. Plant growth occurs at the microscopic level when cells enlarges and divides so the development of plant parts that can be seen. From an understanding of plant growth on top, it can be concluded that the understanding of plant growth is a process of adding size, increased the number of cells and increased the number of leaves that will not return again in its original form. The growth of the plant consists of two phases, namely the phases of vegetative and generative phase.
In the vegetative growth phase requires a temperature around 25 degrees Celsius. On the temperature of the plant watermelons would grow fast and strong so it will be obtained plants that berbatang strong and large leaf size. Plants with strong physical condition and backed up with good maintenance will produce a high quality fruit.
After that on a generative phase, especially on cooking the fruit, watermelon plants requires daily temperatures around 30 degrees Celsius for the formation of sugar on the flesh of the fruit. If during this period the temperature condition is too low, the sugar levels in the meat of the fruit would also be low and harvesting age longer. Watermelon fruit produced in hot and dry conditions have sugar levels around 11%. Cold conditions otherwise on the sugar levels reaching only 8% (BAPPENAS, 2005).
2.3 Watermelon Cultivation
In the watermelon fruit, the plant has had a growth of terms i.e. having a climate with high rainfall 40-50 mm/ideal months because precipitation is too high may result in ill will toward plant growth, i.e., susceptible to pests disease, designate the fruit fall and long vegetative growth. The whole area of pertanaman watermelon need sunlight since rising to sink. Lack of sunlight causes the onset of decline of harvest time. Watermelon plants will be able to grow and bear fruit with optimal temperature 25OC (during the day). The ideal temperature is bagipertumbuhan plant watermelon is the average daily temperatures ranging 20 – 30 mm. Humidity tends to be low when sunlight illuminates the area of cultivation, mean the poor dry air moist air. These conditions are suitable for the growth of the plant a watermelon, because watermelon plant origins living in a desert environment with dry. On the contrary, too high humidity will encourage the growth of fungi plant destroyer (Doring, et al. 2006)
Soil conditions are suitable to plant watermelon is a pretty loose soil, rich in organic matter, not acidic soils and soils/fields that have been dried. Soil acidity (pH) required between 6-6.7. If the pH is 5.5 < (acidic soil) then held liming with doses adapted to the level of acidity of the soil. Land suitable for crops watermelon is porous soil (the nest) so easy to dispose of excess water, but the land is too easy to throw away less water is good for growing watermelons. Sedangkanuntuk the height of an ideal place for watermelon cultivation acreage is: 100-300 m above sea level. In fact the watermelon can be planted in the area near the coast has an altitude below 100 m above sea level and above the hills with heights of over 300 m above sea level (Sarpian, 2003).
2.4 Postharvest Handling and Packaging:
Sugar content does not change after harvest, but flavor may be improved due to loss in acidity of slightly immature melons. Fruit can get over-ripe fairly quickly if not cooled. However, watermelon color will continue to improve for up to 7 days after harvesting if kept at temperatures of 18°-22 °C , but it will actually fade (get lighter) if kept at temperatures of below 12 °C for long periods of time. It is important to note that once harvested the sugar content or sweetness will not improve. Chilling injury will occur after several days below 5°C. The resulting pits in the rind will be invaded by decay-causing organisms. Moisture content and pH of the injured watermelon were higher than those of normal watermelon. However, color tone (Lab), hardness, soluble solid, and total amino acid and sugar contents of the injured fruit were lower than those of normal fruit.
Watermelons exposed to various concentrations of ethylene (C2H4) for 3 or 7 days of storage at 18oC deteriorated rapidly. Exposure to C2H4 reduced the rind thickness and firmness of melons. Almost all of the melons exposed to 30 or 60 µl/liter ethylene for 7 days were unacceptable for consumption.
Less than 50 % of the melons exposed to any concentration of ethylene were acceptable for consumption.
Watermelons, particularly early in the season, are sometimes shipped in mixed loads with other produce or they may be stored in central warehouses near products that may emit C2H4.Watermelons are usually harvested at their peak maturity and flavor, generally will not improve with storage. An increase in C2H4 production is associated with the respiratory peak and with the end of senescence after harvest.
Watermelons are detrimentally affected by ethylene and should not be held with cantaloupes, honeydews or other mixed melons. The whole fruit may become spongy and the internal pulp may become mealy and breakdown if exposed to low concentrations (>0.5 ppm) of ethylene.
Principal Postharvest Diseases: Postharvest diseases are important sources of postharvest loss in watermelon production. This loss depends on cultural practices adopted during production and also the local climatic conditions at harvest. Disease pressure is greater in areas with high rainfall and humidity during production and harvest. A number of pathogens may cause postharvest decay of watermelon.
The primary defense against the occurrence of decay is the exclusion of diseased fruit from the marketing chain through careful selection at harvest and appropriate fruit grading before shipment. Holding fruits at 10°C will slow down the rate of disease development, compared to ambient temperature storage. There are no postharvest fungicide treatments for watermelon. Common fungal diseases that cause rind decay after harvest include black rot (Didymella sp.), anthracnose (,Colletotrichum sp.), Phytophthora (Phytophthora sp.) fruit rot, Fusarium, and stem-end rot (Lasiodiplodia theobromae). The most common postharvest bacterial disease is soft rot.
METHODOLOGI
Stages Of The Cultivation Of Watermelon Without Seeds
3.3.1 Nursery
According to Wihardjo s. (1993) in doing the cultivation of watermelon fruit tamanam surely should know the stages in cultivation are employed comprised, among others, seeding. A good watermelon seed is not form wrinkles, not float if soaked. Before the seeds are sown, the watermelon is cut (for semangkan Seedless) in advance using nail clippers, to ease the process of growth. The next seed soaked in warm water temperatures of 20-25 ° C plus fungicide and bactericide concentration by 2 ml/l. after 10-30 minutes, was soaked and drained until the water no longer flows. Then the seeds are ready germination.
Watermelon seeds, sown before diperam in advance. How is seed that has been dikeringanginkan placed on the cloth, and then folded. Enter the parcel into cans or jars covered with sand and wet newspaper. To provide a warm atmosphere, the cans were given a 15 watt incandescent lighting, at a distance of 5-10 cm at the top of the bundle. Curing is done during 24-48 hours. Each 4-6 hours need to control humidity. If dry conditions, immediately spray the water using a hand sprayer. The seed that has been diperam, inserted into the little polybags (size 12 x 12 cm) that already contains a media plant that is a mixture of soil and manure (1:1). The depth of the planting hole 1.5 cm. When it is planted, the hole covered with finely ground mixed grey husk (2:1). Then the polybags polybags gunny sack closed during the 2-3 day (Samadi, 1996).
Polybags-polybags given hood (canopies) similar transparent plastic mini greenhouse and one side open. Farmers are also equipped with shade paranet. The young seedlings were given a ray of morning sun only, maximum until 09.00. Three days before planting, farmers must be opened, so that the seedlings get full sun. Watering is done regularly to maintain the humidity. Fertilizing is done using fertilizer leaves, to spur the development of seeds, mixed with fungicides, performed a routine 3 days. After seedlings aged 12-14 days and 2-3 strands, leafy has been moved to the acreage plantings that have been processed.
3.3.2 Tillage
Watermelon plants require water so that the dike wall contained in the soil flows out through the drainage channels are created. Cultivation technique of wide dike wall hanging was used. For planting system turus (marker), the width of the dike wall is 100-110 m; system without turus with 1 row crop wide dike wall, 200 cm; system without turus (marker) with 2 rows of plants, width 400 cm Long dike wall dike wall 12-15 m, maximum height 30-50 dike wall cm, width cm. 30-50 trench Then the granting of basic fertilizer for watermelon without seeds, fertiliser needs per plant are 85 g ZA, 50 g of urea, 30 g SP-36, 85 g and 2 g KCl Borate. As for watermelon seed-bearing fertilizer needs, per plant is 80 g 40 g urea, ZA, 30 g SP-36, 70 g and 2 g KCl Borate (Prajnanta, 1996).
Dike wall needs to be been weeded, watered and covered with dry straw as thick as 2-3 cm plastic mulch or plastic 110-150 cm in width in order to inhibit the evaporation of water and grow wild. Plastic usage is more profitable because it is more durable, to 812 month on open area (2-3 times the period of planting). Silver colored plastic will reflect sunlight thereby reducing pests that hide under the leaves of plants.
3.3.3 Planting
Turus system for planting, planting distance used is 80 x 70 cm with a population of 8,000 plants/ha. For planting system without turus, with 1 row and 2 rows of crops, the distance in the 70 cm with a population of 3.5004.000 plants/ha. Then the preparation pelubangan of land plants is performed 1 week before the nursery moved. The distance between the holes is adapted to trunks. If land use plastic mulch, then needed a tool from the paint cans were given 1 kg size holes adapted to the soil conditions dike wall given aperture.
The cans were given a charcoal which is then burned. After the charcoal into the embers, the tool is ready for use. Then do pelubangan on land with soil depth 8-10 cm. Seeds watermelon seed was made after 14 days and have grown leaf 2-3 sheets and before seeds are planted, done soaking in water that contains NPK fertilizer solution 2 g/l, as Starter Solution. Laluuntuk planting sequence is as follows, the plastic bag removed carefully so that the root is not damaged; the seeds are inserted into the hole which has been prepared; hole covered with soil that has been prepared; the last hole is smothered in water agar medium seed blend with soil (Sarpian, 2003).
3.3.4 Plant Maintenance
According to Rukmana (1994), watermelon plants aged 3-5 days to note. When plants grow too slow or dead plants new seed stitching is done with that has been prepared but the stitching is not to do more than 10 days after planting. On the activities of the stitching is, it should be noted the cause of death of seedlings. When caused by bacteria or fungi, seeds should be dismantled along with their land, so as not to rub off to other healthy seedlings. Selainitu the presence of weeds around the plants may inhibit plant growth, even reduce production in addition of weeds can also be used as a host for pests and disease so that needs to be done routinely weeding.
If the soil contains less borak, along the basic fertilizer given borak 5 Kg per Ha for Fertilizer aftershock ditugalkan. 10 – 15 Cm from the trunk. Administering liquid fertilizer SEPRINT than 10 CC dissolved in 5 l water and spray on 2 – 3 weeks after transplanting and repeated 7 days until 15 days before the harvestOn the cultivation of watermelon can do PHP to produce mulch treatment of watermelon without seeds.
The benefits of mulching PHP as the name implies, mulch PHP consists of two layers of color, on the top of the silver-coloured danbagian bottom black. installation of mulch should not reverse because if the installation is reversed then the influence of the mulch will be different. The benefits of using PHP is mulch stimulates root development, maintain the structure of the temperature and soil moisture, prevent soil erosion, suppress the growth of weeds, reduces the evaporation of water and fertilizers, improving the process of photosynthesis, and suppress the development of pest and disease.
3.3.5 harvest and post harvest
According to Sarpian (2003), determine the time of harvesting can be via three ways i.e. visual observation of pengamatn sound when the fruit diketuk, and age of the plant. Visually, the watermelon fruit ready harvest is characterized by the bright fruit skin color, the shape of the fruit of the vine, and contains a round behind the fruit stalk has changed color to dark brown. The color of the fruit into the light because of the layer of wax that envelop the skin of the fruit is gone. The voice of the fruit can be used as a sign of the level of the age of the fruit. The sound of this fruit appears after fruit diketuk. When a loud, fruit is still young. Conversely, if a bit heavy and a little flutter, the fruit is ripe or aged.
Varieties of plants and height affect the age of harvesting crops. At an altitude of between 700-900 m above sea level, the watermelon can be harvested at the age of 90-100 days after planting. While the low-lying fruit can be harvested at the age of 85 days. How to harvest watermelon fruit is to cut tangaki fruit. After the cut, the fruit can be removed and placed directly into the basket. Picking the fruit should preferably be made at the time the weather is sunny and not cloudy so the surface of the skin of the fruit in dry conditions, so hold for in the penyimpananan (Sarpian, 2003).
Then enter in the post-harvest phase where fruit crops through some selection process before the fruit at sell kepasaran due to the mixed fruit in the fruit can lower the value of the fruits of this process is called sorting later. Watermelon fruit storage process last on the level of large traders (while waiting for a better price) is done as follows: storage at low temperature of around 4 ° C, and humidity between 80-85%; Controlled atmosphere storage on (a way of setting the levels of O2 and CO2 levels) assuming oxygen or increase the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), can reduce the process of respiration (Rukmana, 1994).
3.2 Processing Techniques:
Kids Watermelon Sandwich Cookies
Kids will love them!
Ingredients
12 (3-inch) blueberry pancakes, cooled to room temperature
1/2 cup white frosting
6 (2/3-inch thick and 3-inch round) seedless watermelon slices, drained to remove excess moisture
Instructions
Evenly frost the bottoms of each pancake with the white frosting. Arrange six of the pancakes, frosting side up on a serving platter. Place a slice of watermelon on each of the frosted pancakes on the platter. Top each with the remaining pancakes, frosting side down. Serve immediately or cover and refrigerate until ready to serve. Serves 6.
Watermelon Banana Split
A Healthy Twist to an Old Favorite
Ingredients
2 bananas
1 medium watermelon
1 cup fresh blueberries
1 cup diced fresh pineapple
1 cup sliced fresh strawberries
1/4 cup caramel fruit dip
1/4 cup honey roasted almonds
Instructions
Peel bananas and cut in half lengthwise then cut each piece in half. For each serving, lay 2 banana pieces against sides of shallow dish. Using an ice cream scooper, place three watermelon “scoops” in between each banana in each dish. Remove seeds if necessary. Top each watermelon “scoop” with a different fruit topping. Drizzle caramel fruit dip over all. Sprinkle with almonds. Makes 4 servings.
Watermelon Dippers
This Fresh Dip with a Hint of Sweetness Makes a Treat Kids Will Love
Ingredients
8 ounces sour cream
4 tablespoons sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
Watermelon stix or small wedges
Instructions
Blend together the sour cream, sugar and vanilla in a small serving bowl. Use as a dip for the watermelon
RESULT AND PRODUCT
4.1 types of product watermelon
Image 2.2. Ale Image 2.3. chewy gum
Image 2.4. jelly image 2.5 carbonated juice
image 2.6 watermelon mousse image 2.7 spickle
Image 2.8. watermelon rind Image 2.9. watermelon punch
Image 2.9. Kids Watermelon Sandwich Cookies image 2.10. Body scrub
Image 2.11 watermelon yougurt Image 2.12 Extract from watermelon for treatment of mouth ulcer
4.2 difference in watermelon prices
Watermelon with seed (Rp. 4.500/kg) or 4.5 RMB/jin
Watermelon without seeds (Rp. 22.500/kg) or 22.5 RMB/jin
COVER
Conclution
The cultivation of watermelon has a technology that must be followed from the processing of basic fertilizer, the granting of land, nursery, pemulsaan, planting, pruning, roping, gift of fertilizer following, control pests and disease as well as harvesting should be SOP and the GAP because watermelon is in need of intentensif in cultivation.
The cultivation of watermelon without seeds i.e. 4n cross between results with 2n crossed be triploid, that produces triploid watermelon fruits without seeds
The price of watermelon without seeds more expensive 5-fold so that the benefits of processing higher and more easily from a watermelon with seeds
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bappenas.2005. Budidaya pertanian semangka (Citrullus vulgaris).Jakarta. Penebar Swadaya.
Budi, Samadi.1996. Semangka Tanpa Biji. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Doring T., U. Heimbach, T. Thieme, M. Finckch, H. Saucke. 2006. Aspectof straw mulching inorganic potatoes-I, effectson microclimate,Phytophtora infestans, and Rhizoctonia solani. Nachrichtenbl. Deut.Pflanzenschutzd. 58 (3):73-78.
Duljapar, K, dan R. N. Setyowati. 2000. Petunjuk Bertanam SemangkaSistem Turus. Jakarta. Penebar Swadaya.
Endang Dwi Purbajanti. 2013. Rumput dan Legum Sebagai Hijauan Makanan Ternak. Yogyakarta. Penerbit Graha Ilmu
Kemal, Prihatman. 2000. Semangka (Citrullus vulgaris). Jakarta: Media Unika
Prajnanta, F. 1999. Kiat sukses bertanam semangka berbiji.Jakarta. PenebarSwadaya.
Prajnanta, F. 1996. Agribisnis SemangkaNon-biji.Jakarta. Penebar Swadaya.
Purseglove, 1968. Tropical Crops Dicotyledones. London. Longman Green and Co Ltd.
Rukmana, R. 1994. Budidaya Semangka Hibrida. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Samadi, B. 1996. Semangka Tanpa Biji. Yogyakarta: Kanisius
Sarpian, T. 2003. Pedoman Berkebun dan Analisis Usaha Tani. Yogyakarta: kanisius
file:///G:/semangka/BUDIDAYA%20SEMANGKA%20TANPA%20BIJI%20_%20foragri.h
Syukur, M., S. Sujiprihati, dan R. Yunianti. 2009. Teknik pemuliaan tanaman. Bagian Genetika dan Pemuliaan Tanaman. Bogor. Departemen Agronomi dan Hotikultura IPB. 284 hal.
Umboh, Andry Harits. 1999. Petunjuk Penggunaan Mulsa. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.
（新罗马字体二号）
Landscape and horticulture department
Horticultural Products Storage Processing
（新罗马字体一号加粗）
paper title（论 文 题) : Processing And Cultivation Of Watermelon Without Seeds
Name（姓名) : CITRA HELDA ANGGIA
Class（班级) : 17 exchange student
Student ID（学号） : -
Teacher（任课教师） : JIANG
ABSTRACT
The cultivation of watermelon without seeds i.e. 4n penyilangan between results with 2n crossed be triploid, that produces triploid watermelon fruits without seeds, The cultivation of watermelon has a technology that must be followed from the processing of basic fertilizer, the granting of land, nursery, pemulsaan, planting, pruning, roping, gift of fertilizer following, control pests and disease as well as harvesting, prices from Watermelon without seeds more expensive 5-fold so that the benefits of processing higher and more easily from a watermelon with seeds product produced Ale, chewy gum, jelly, carbonated juice, watermelon mosse, spickle, watermelon rind, watermelon punch, kids water melon sandwich cookies, body scrub, watermelon yougurt, extract from watermelon for treatment of mouth ulcer.
Keyword, watermelon without seed, product, price
INTRODUCTION
Background
Watermelon contains plants horticulture and commodities from the family Cucurbitaceae (gourd-labuan). Watermelon is one of the popular fruit and has a fairly high economic value. Watermelon is favored by people of indonesia because it tastes sweet, crispy and its water content, can made cake and juice.
Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris plants. Scard) is a plant originating from the African continent in desert Scorpion today. Its spread to India, China and the United States conducted by the sailors of the merchant. Watermelon fruit has the attraction of the fruit is fresh and sweet. The water content reaches 92%, carbohydrates 7% and the rest is a vitamin. The dry season crops include watermelons, but lately with technology growing, watermelon can be planted anytime. In order to grow well and quickly, watermelon plants requires a dry, hot climate and enough water (Mulyanto, 2012)
According to Hai, wet climates will cause stunted growth, susceptible to the disease, as well as production and fruit quality will decrease. The development of cultivation technology of watermelon in the area Sub-more advanced than tropical regions (tropics). New types of good, the diploid hybrids (watermelon seed-bearing) and triploid (not watermelon seed-bearing), has been widely developed by the quality of the fruit and the results are much better than the tropical watermelon
There are dozens of varieties of watermelon cultivated, but only some of the interest of the petaniataukonsumen. In Indonesia the matching cultivated varieties are divided into two groups, the Local Watermelon (Watermelon black from Pasuruan, Watermelon and watermelon Sengkaling Stone Bojonegoro) and watermelon Hybrid Import (from cruciferous undue hybridisation results) that have its own advantages. The watermelons are classified according to the pure seed of his home country (Samadi, b. 1996)
Watermelon cultivation in Indonesia is still limited to meet the domestic market. Whereas open vast opportunities that the watermelon can be exported to a foreign country, because natural conditions Indonesia indeed more beneficial than the natural condition of the State's other producers in international markets. World market demand will reach 1,506,000 tons of watermelons. Until recently Indonesia got the watermelon export opportunities is quite large i.e. 1,144 tonnes per year (Rukmana, r. 1994).
Purpose
knowing the watermelon cultivation in indonesia
knowing the processing of watermelon in indonesia
A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
2.1 Watermelon Without Seeds
Watermelon without seeds or seedless watermelon is commonly called is F-1 hybrid watermelon too. But the elder or parent respectively derived from the tetraploid watermelon by female elders elder male diploid watermelon. Therefore it is also called watermelon watermelon tetraploid hybrids.
Seeding technique of seedless watermelon was discovered by Prof. Dr. Hitoshi Kihara. To obtain a tetraploid elders had to go through the multiple of the number of chromosomes in the scientific term is often referred to as mutation duplication. From the intersection of tetraploid watermelon with diploid triploid watermelon obtained this would be (seedless watermelon) who has the power of low vitality. If the air temperature is low (less than 290 C), then the power kecambahnya would be slow. Therefore, the triploid watermelon seed germination requires temperatures high enough so that the perkecambahannya can be assured.
The growth of young plants initially weak, even sometimes is not normal, but further plants will grow stronger. Power sprouts average triploid watermelon seeds is between 27.5 – 85% cotyledon shape smaller than the diploid watermelon. Triploid watermelon plant actually have males and females flowers are complete, but would the seeds and stringy her Sari was barren, then the seed will not be formed. Nevertheless, the seeds of which are white or brown sometimes still encountered. The formation of the empty Brown seeds are usually caused due to excess nutrient fertilization dose phospor (P205).
2.2.1. The classification of Watermelon
Plant a watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) is a plant that originated in Africa. This plant started about 4000 years cultivated BC so it is not surprising that the watermelon fruit consumption has spread to all parts of the world. Watermelon fruit labulabuan family (Cucurbitaceae) and has about 750 types (syukur, 2009).
This plant is a climbing annuals whose life and have a anekaragam kind of like watermelon red, yellow watermelon, watermelon seeds and watermelon non seed.
Image 2.1. watermelon without seeds
According to Rukmana (1994), the scientific classification of watermelon is as follows:
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Plant Taxonomy
Order : Plant Taxonomy
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Genus : Citrullus
Species : Citrullus vulgaris
Watermelon is a year, is spread, the stem is small and its length can reach 5 m. The stem is covered with delicate feathers long sharp and white. The stem has a forked tendrils 2 – 3 pieces, so the climb. Watermelon plants have flowers, Flowers hermaphrodite and female standing apart, yet still in a tree. The number of male flowers are usually a lot more than other flowers. The fruit is round to oval (oval). The skin of the fruit is green or yellow, white or green blurik. The flesh of the fruit is tender, juicy and sweet. The colors red or yellow fruit flesh (Syukur, 2009).
2.2.2. Stadia or phase of plant growth
According to Endang Dwi Purbajanti (2013), the growth is the increase in plant material, a process that changes the total raw materials chemically and add them in the plants. Plant growth occurs at the microscopic level when cells enlarges and divides so the development of plant parts that can be seen. From an understanding of plant growth on top, it can be concluded that the understanding of plant growth is a process of adding size, increased the number of cells and increased the number of leaves that will not return again in its original form. The growth of the plant consists of two phases, namely the phases of vegetative and generative phase.
In the vegetative growth phase requires a temperature around 25 degrees Celsius. On the temperature of the plant watermelons would grow fast and strong so it will be obtained plants that berbatang strong and large leaf size. Plants with strong physical condition and backed up with good maintenance will produce a high quality fruit.
After that on a generative phase, especially on cooking the fruit, watermelon plants requires daily temperatures around 30 degrees Celsius for the formation of sugar on the flesh of the fruit. If during this period the temperature condition is too low, the sugar levels in the meat of the fruit would also be low and harvesting age longer. Watermelon fruit produced in hot and dry conditions have sugar levels around 11%. Cold conditions otherwise on the sugar levels reaching only 8% (BAPPENAS, 2005).
2.3 Watermelon Cultivation
In the watermelon fruit, the plant has had a growth of terms i.e. having a climate with high rainfall 40-50 mm/ideal months because precipitation is too high may result in ill will toward plant growth, i.e., susceptible to pests disease, designate the fruit fall and long vegetative growth. The whole area of pertanaman watermelon need sunlight since rising to sink. Lack of sunlight causes the onset of decline of harvest time. Watermelon plants will be able to grow and bear fruit with optimal temperature 25OC (during the day). The ideal temperature is bagipertumbuhan plant watermelon is the average daily temperatures ranging 20 – 30 mm. Humidity tends to be low when sunlight illuminates the area of cultivation, mean the poor dry air moist air. These conditions are suitable for the growth of the plant a watermelon, because watermelon plant origins living in a desert environment with dry. On the contrary, too high humidity will encourage the growth of fungi plant destroyer (Doring, et al. 2006)
Soil conditions are suitable to plant watermelon is a pretty loose soil, rich in organic matter, not acidic soils and soils/fields that have been dried. Soil acidity (pH) required between 6-6.7. If the pH is 5.5 < (acidic soil) then held liming with doses adapted to the level of acidity of the soil. Land suitable for crops watermelon is porous soil (the nest) so easy to dispose of excess water, but the land is too easy to throw away less water is good for growing watermelons. Sedangkanuntuk the height of an ideal place for watermelon cultivation acreage is: 100-300 m above sea level. In fact the watermelon can be planted in the area near the coast has an altitude below 100 m above sea level and above the hills with heights of over 300 m above sea level (Sarpian, 2003).
2.4 Postharvest Handling and Packaging:
Sugar content does not change after harvest, but flavor may be improved due to loss in acidity of slightly immature melons. Fruit can get over-ripe fairly quickly if not cooled. However, watermelon color will continue to improve for up to 7 days after harvesting if kept at temperatures of 18°-22 °C , but it will actually fade (get lighter) if kept at temperatures of below 12 °C for long periods of time. It is important to note that once harvested the sugar content or sweetness will not improve. Chilling injury will occur after several days below 5°C. The resulting pits in the rind will be invaded by decay-causing organisms. Moisture content and pH of the injured watermelon were higher than those of normal watermelon. However, color tone (Lab), hardness, soluble solid, and total amino acid and sugar contents of the injured fruit were lower than those of normal fruit.
Watermelons exposed to various concentrations of ethylene (C2H4) for 3 or 7 days of storage at 18oC deteriorated rapidly. Exposure to C2H4 reduced the rind thickness and firmness of melons. Almost all of the melons exposed to 30 or 60 µl/liter ethylene for 7 days were unacceptable for consumption.
Less than 50 % of the melons exposed to any concentration of ethylene were acceptable for consumption.
Watermelons, particularly early in the season, are sometimes shipped in mixed loads with other produce or they may be stored in central warehouses near products that may emit C2H4.Watermelons are usually harvested at their peak maturity and flavor, generally will not improve with storage. An increase in C2H4 production is associated with the respiratory peak and with the end of senescence after harvest.
Watermelons are detrimentally affected by ethylene and should not be held with cantaloupes, honeydews or other mixed melons. The whole fruit may become spongy and the internal pulp may become mealy and breakdown if exposed to low concentrations (>0.5 ppm) of ethylene.
Principal Postharvest Diseases: Postharvest diseases are important sources of postharvest loss in watermelon production. This loss depends on cultural practices adopted during production and also the local climatic conditions at harvest. Disease pressure is greater in areas with high rainfall and humidity during production and harvest. A number of pathogens may cause postharvest decay of watermelon.
The primary defense against the occurrence of decay is the exclusion of diseased fruit from the marketing chain through careful selection at harvest and appropriate fruit grading before shipment. Holding fruits at 10°C will slow down the rate of disease development, compared to ambient temperature storage. There are no postharvest fungicide treatments for watermelon. Common fungal diseases that cause rind decay after harvest include black rot (Didymella sp.), anthracnose (,Colletotrichum sp.), Phytophthora (Phytophthora sp.) fruit rot, Fusarium, and stem-end rot (Lasiodiplodia theobromae). The most common postharvest bacterial disease is soft rot.
METHODOLOGI
Stages Of The Cultivation Of Watermelon Without Seeds
3.3.1 Nursery
According to Wihardjo s. (1993) in doing the cultivation of watermelon fruit tamanam surely should know the stages in cultivation are employed comprised, among others, seeding. A good watermelon seed is not form wrinkles, not float if soaked. Before the seeds are sown, the watermelon is cut (for semangkan Seedless) in advance using nail clippers, to ease the process of growth. The next seed soaked in warm water temperatures of 20-25 ° C plus fungicide and bactericide concentration by 2 ml/l. after 10-30 minutes, was soaked and drained until the water no longer flows. Then the seeds are ready germination.
Watermelon seeds, sown before diperam in advance. How is seed that has been dikeringanginkan placed on the cloth, and then folded. Enter the parcel into cans or jars covered with sand and wet newspaper. To provide a warm atmosphere, the cans were given a 15 watt incandescent lighting, at a distance of 5-10 cm at the top of the bundle. Curing is done during 24-48 hours. Each 4-6 hours need to control humidity. If dry conditions, immediately spray the water using a hand sprayer. The seed that has been diperam, inserted into the little polybags (size 12 x 12 cm) that already contains a media plant that is a mixture of soil and manure (1:1). The depth of the planting hole 1.5 cm. When it is planted, the hole covered with finely ground mixed grey husk (2:1). Then the polybags polybags gunny sack closed during the 2-3 day (Samadi, 1996).
Polybags-polybags given hood (canopies) similar transparent plastic mini greenhouse and one side open. Farmers are also equipped with shade paranet. The young seedlings were given a ray of morning sun only, maximum until 09.00. Three days before planting, farmers must be opened, so that the seedlings get full sun. Watering is done regularly to maintain the humidity. Fertilizing is done using fertilizer leaves, to spur the development of seeds, mixed with fungicides, performed a routine 3 days. After seedlings aged 12-14 days and 2-3 strands, leafy has been moved to the acreage plantings that have been processed.
3.3.2 Tillage
Watermelon plants require water so that the dike wall contained in the soil flows out through the drainage channels are created. Cultivation technique of wide dike wall hanging was used. For planting system turus (marker), the width of the dike wall is 100-110 m; system without turus with 1 row crop wide dike wall, 200 cm; system without turus (marker) with 2 rows of plants, width 400 cm Long dike wall dike wall 12-15 m, maximum height 30-50 dike wall cm, width cm. 30-50 trench Then the granting of basic fertilizer for watermelon without seeds, fertiliser needs per plant are 85 g ZA, 50 g of urea, 30 g SP-36, 85 g and 2 g KCl Borate. As for watermelon seed-bearing fertilizer needs, per plant is 80 g 40 g urea, ZA, 30 g SP-36, 70 g and 2 g KCl Borate (Prajnanta, 1996).
Dike wall needs to be been weeded, watered and covered with dry straw as thick as 2-3 cm plastic mulch or plastic 110-150 cm in width in order to inhibit the evaporation of water and grow wild. Plastic usage is more profitable because it is more durable, to 812 month on open area (2-3 times the period of planting). Silver colored plastic will reflect sunlight thereby reducing pests that hide under the leaves of plants.
3.3.3 Planting
Turus system for planting, planting distance used is 80 x 70 cm with a population of 8,000 plants/ha. For planting system without turus, with 1 row and 2 rows of crops, the distance in the 70 cm with a population of 3.5004.000 plants/ha. Then the preparation pelubangan of land plants is performed 1 week before the nursery moved. The distance between the holes is adapted to trunks. If land use plastic mulch, then needed a tool from the paint cans were given 1 kg size holes adapted to the soil conditions dike wall given aperture.
The cans were given a charcoal which is then burned. After the charcoal into the embers, the tool is ready for use. Then do pelubangan on land with soil depth 8-10 cm. Seeds watermelon seed was made after 14 days and have grown leaf 2-3 sheets and before seeds are planted, done soaking in water that contains NPK fertilizer solution 2 g/l, as Starter Solution. Laluuntuk planting sequence is as follows, the plastic bag removed carefully so that the root is not damaged; the seeds are inserted into the hole which has been prepared; hole covered with soil that has been prepared; the last hole is smothered in water agar medium seed blend with soil (Sarpian, 2003).
3.3.4 Plant Maintenance
According to Rukmana (1994), watermelon plants aged 3-5 days to note. When plants grow too slow or dead plants new seed stitching is done with that has been prepared but the stitching is not to do more than 10 days after planting. On the activities of the stitching is, it should be noted the cause of death of seedlings. When caused by bacteria or fungi, seeds should be dismantled along with their land, so as not to rub off to other healthy seedlings. Selainitu the presence of weeds around the plants may inhibit plant growth, even reduce production in addition of weeds can also be used as a host for pests and disease so that needs to be done routinely weeding.
If the soil contains less borak, along the basic fertilizer given borak 5 Kg per Ha for Fertilizer aftershock ditugalkan. 10 – 15 Cm from the trunk. Administering liquid fertilizer SEPRINT than 10 CC dissolved in 5 l water and spray on 2 – 3 weeks after transplanting and repeated 7 days until 15 days before the harvestOn the cultivation of watermelon can do PHP to produce mulch treatment of watermelon without seeds.
The benefits of mulching PHP as the name implies, mulch PHP consists of two layers of color, on the top of the silver-coloured danbagian bottom black. installation of mulch should not reverse because if the installation is reversed then the influence of the mulch will be different. The benefits of using PHP is mulch stimulates root development, maintain the structure of the temperature and soil moisture, prevent soil erosion, suppress the growth of weeds, reduces the evaporation of water and fertilizers, improving the process of photosynthesis, and suppress the development of pest and disease.
3.3.5 harvest and post harvest
According to Sarpian (2003), determine the time of harvesting can be via three ways i.e. visual observation of pengamatn sound when the fruit diketuk, and age of the plant. Visually, the watermelon fruit ready harvest is characterized by the bright fruit skin color, the shape of the fruit of the vine, and contains a round behind the fruit stalk has changed color to dark brown. The color of the fruit into the light because of the layer of wax that envelop the skin of the fruit is gone. The voice of the fruit can be used as a sign of the level of the age of the fruit. The sound of this fruit appears after fruit diketuk. When a loud, fruit is still young. Conversely, if a bit heavy and a little flutter, the fruit is ripe or aged.
Varieties of plants and height affect the age of harvesting crops. At an altitude of between 700-900 m above sea level, the watermelon can be harvested at the age of 90-100 days after planting. While the low-lying fruit can be harvested at the age of 85 days. How to harvest watermelon fruit is to cut tangaki fruit. After the cut, the fruit can be removed and placed directly into the basket. Picking the fruit should preferably be made at the time the weather is sunny and not cloudy so the surface of the skin of the fruit in dry conditions, so hold for in the penyimpananan (Sarpian, 2003).
Then enter in the post-harvest phase where fruit crops through some selection process before the fruit at sell kepasaran due to the mixed fruit in the fruit can lower the value of the fruits of this process is called sorting later. Watermelon fruit storage process last on the level of large traders (while waiting for a better price) is done as follows: storage at low temperature of around 4 ° C, and humidity between 80-85%; Controlled atmosphere storage on (a way of setting the levels of O2 and CO2 levels) assuming oxygen or increase the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), can reduce the process of respiration (Rukmana, 1994).
3.2 Processing Techniques:
Kids Watermelon Sandwich Cookies
Kids will love them!
Ingredients
12 (3-inch) blueberry pancakes, cooled to room temperature
1/2 cup white frosting
6 (2/3-inch thick and 3-inch round) seedless watermelon slices, drained to remove excess moisture
Instructions
Evenly frost the bottoms of each pancake with the white frosting. Arrange six of the pancakes, frosting side up on a serving platter. Place a slice of watermelon on each of the frosted pancakes on the platter. Top each with the remaining pancakes, frosting side down. Serve immediately or cover and refrigerate until ready to serve. Serves 6.
Watermelon Banana Split
A Healthy Twist to an Old Favorite
Ingredients
2 bananas
1 medium watermelon
1 cup fresh blueberries
1 cup diced fresh pineapple
1 cup sliced fresh strawberries
1/4 cup caramel fruit dip
1/4 cup honey roasted almonds
Instructions
Peel bananas and cut in half lengthwise then cut each piece in half. For each serving, lay 2 banana pieces against sides of shallow dish. Using an ice cream scooper, place three watermelon “scoops” in between each banana in each dish. Remove seeds if necessary. Top each watermelon “scoop” with a different fruit topping. Drizzle caramel fruit dip over all. Sprinkle with almonds. Makes 4 servings.
Watermelon Dippers
This Fresh Dip with a Hint of Sweetness Makes a Treat Kids Will Love
Ingredients
8 ounces sour cream
4 tablespoons sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
Watermelon stix or small wedges
Instructions
Blend together the sour cream, sugar and vanilla in a small serving bowl. Use as a dip for the watermelon
RESULT AND PRODUCT
4.1 types of product watermelon
Image 2.2. Ale Image 2.3. chewy gum
Image 2.4. jelly image 2.5 carbonated juice
image 2.6 watermelon mousse image 2.7 spickle
Image 2.8. watermelon rind Image 2.9. watermelon punch
Image 2.9. Kids Watermelon Sandwich Cookies image 2.10. Body scrub
Image 2.11 watermelon yougurt Image 2.12 Extract from watermelon for treatment of mouth ulcer
4.2 difference in watermelon prices
Watermelon with seed (Rp. 4.500/kg) or 4.5 RMB/jin
Watermelon without seeds (Rp. 22.500/kg) or 22.5 RMB/jin
COVER
Conclution
The cultivation of watermelon has a technology that must be followed from the processing of basic fertilizer, the granting of land, nursery, pemulsaan, planting, pruning, roping, gift of fertilizer following, control pests and disease as well as harvesting should be SOP and the GAP because watermelon is in need of intentensif in cultivation.
The cultivation of watermelon without seeds i.e. 4n cross between results with 2n crossed be triploid, that produces triploid watermelon fruits without seeds
The price of watermelon without seeds more expensive 5-fold so that the benefits of processing higher and more easily from a watermelon with seeds
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Budi, Samadi.1996. Semangka Tanpa Biji. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Doring T., U. Heimbach, T. Thieme, M. Finckch, H. Saucke. 2006. Aspectof straw mulching inorganic potatoes-I, effectson microclimate,Phytophtora infestans, and Rhizoctonia solani. Nachrichtenbl. Deut.Pflanzenschutzd. 58 (3):73-78.
Duljapar, K, dan R. N. Setyowati. 2000. Petunjuk Bertanam SemangkaSistem Turus. Jakarta. Penebar Swadaya.
Endang Dwi Purbajanti. 2013. Rumput dan Legum Sebagai Hijauan Makanan Ternak. Yogyakarta. Penerbit Graha Ilmu
Kemal, Prihatman. 2000. Semangka (Citrullus vulgaris). Jakarta: Media Unika
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Prajnanta, F. 1996. Agribisnis SemangkaNon-biji.Jakarta. Penebar Swadaya.
Purseglove, 1968. Tropical Crops Dicotyledones. London. Longman Green and Co Ltd.
Rukmana, R. 1994. Budidaya Semangka Hibrida. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Samadi, B. 1996. Semangka Tanpa Biji. Yogyakarta: Kanisius
Sarpian, T. 2003. Pedoman Berkebun dan Analisis Usaha Tani. Yogyakarta: kanisius
file:///G:/semangka/BUDIDAYA%20SEMANGKA%20TANPA%20BIJI%20_%20foragri.h
Syukur, M., S. Sujiprihati, dan R. Yunianti. 2009. Teknik pemuliaan tanaman. Bagian Genetika dan Pemuliaan Tanaman. Bogor. Departemen Agronomi dan Hotikultura IPB. 284 hal.
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